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Dynamic Profile of Switched-Mode Converter
Online: 29 Jun 2009 |
目錄見附件
Contents
Preface XI
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Dynamic Modeling of Switched-Mode Converters 4
1.3 Dynamic Analysis of Interconnected Systems 6
1.4 Canonical Equivalent Circuit 8
1.5 Load-Response-Based Dynamic Analysis 9
1.6 Content Review 12
2 Basis for Dynamic Analysis and Control Dynamics 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Dynamic Representations at Open Loop 17
2.2.1 State Space 19
2.2.2 Two-Port Models 21
2.2.3 Control-Block Diagrams 23
2.3 Dynamic Representations at a Closed Loop 23
2.3.1 Voltage-Output Converter 26
2.3.2 Current-Output Converter 27
2.4 Load and Source Effects 28
2.4.1 Voltage-Output Converter 29
2.4.2 Current-Output Converter 31
2.5 An Example LC Circuit 33
2.5.1 Voltage-Output Circuit 33
2.5.2 Current-Output Circuit 35
2.6 Review of Basic Mathematical Tools 37
2.6.1 Linearization 37
2.6.2 Transfer Functions 38
2.6.2.1 Single Zero 39
2.6.2.2 Single Pole 40
2.6.2.3 Second-Order Transfer Function 40
2.6.2.4 Example 43
2.6.3 Stability and Performance 45
Dynamic Profile of Switched-Mode Converter. Teuvo Suntio
? 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-40708-8
目錄第二部分：
2.6.3.1 Stability 46
2.6.3.2 Loop-Gain-Related Dynamic Indices 48
2.6.3.3 Right-Half-Plane Zero and Pole 50
2.6.4 Matrix Algebra 50
2.6.4.1 Addition of Matrices 53
2.6.4.2 Multiplication by Scalar 53
2.6.4.3 Matrix Multiplication 54
2.6.4.4 Matrix Determinant 54
2.6.4.5 Matrix Inversion 55
2.7 Operational and Control Modes 55
3 Average and Small-Signal Modeling of Direct-On-Time Controlled
Converters 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Direct-on-Time Control 60
3.3 Generalized Modeling Technique 62
3.3.1 Buck Converter 64
3.3.2 Boost Converter 66
3.3.3 Buck–Boost Converter 68
3.4 Fixed-Frequency Operation in CCM 70
3.4.1 Synchronous Buck Converter 71
3.4.2 Dynamic Descriptions of Buck, Boost, and Buck–Boost
Converters 76
3.4.2.1 Diode-Switched Buck (Figure 3.6a) 76
3.4.2.2 Diode-Switched Boost (Figure 3.8a) 77
3.4.2.3 Synchronous Boost (Figure 3.8b) 79
3.4.2.4 Diode-Switched Buck–Boost (Figure 3.10a) 80
3.4.2.5 Synchronous Buck–Boost (Figure 3.10b) 81
3.4.3 Steady-State and Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits 82
3.5 Fixed-Frequency Operation in DCM 85
3.5.1 Buck Converter 87
3.5.2 Dynamic Models for Boost and Buck–Boost Converters 92
3.5.2.1 Boost Converter (Figure 3.8a) 92
3.5.2.2 Buck–Boost Converter (Figure3.10a) 94
3.6 Dynamic Review 95
3.6.1 Buck Converter 96
3.6.1.1 Control-to-Output Transfer Function 96
3.6.1.2 Output Impedance 98
3.6.1.3 Input-to-Output Transfer Function 100
3.6.1.4 Input Admittance 103
3.6.1.5 Ideal Input Admittance 104
3.6.1.6 Short-Circuit Input Admittance 106
3.6.2 Boost Converter 106
3.6.2.1 Control-to-Output Transfer Function 108
3.6.2.2 Output Impedance 109
Contents VII
3.6.2.3 Input-to-Output Transfer Functions 111
3.6.2.4 Input Admittance 112
3.6.2.5 Ideal Input Admittance 114
3.6.2.6 Short-Circuit Input Admittance 116
4 Average and Small-Signal Modeling of Peak-Current-Mode
Control 121
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 PCM-Control Principle 122
4.3 Modeling in CCM 124
4.3.1 Duty-Ratio Constraints for Buck, Boost, and Buck–Boost
Converters 126
4.3.1.1 Buck Converter 126
4.3.1.2 Boost Converter 126
4.3.1.3 Buck–Boost 128
4.3.1.4 General CCM Transfer Functions 129
4.3.2 Specific Transfer Functions for the Basic Converters 131
4.3.2.1 Buck Converter 131
4.3.2.2 Boost Converter 133
4.3.2.3 Buck–Boost Converter 134
4.3.3 Origin and Consequences of Mode Limit in CCM 136
4.4 Modeling in DCM 139
4.4.1 Duty-Ratio Constraints for Basic Converters 140
4.4.1.1 Buck Converter 140
4.4.1.2 Boost Converter 142
4.4.1.3 Buck–boost Converter 142
4.4.2 Small-Signal PCMC State Spaces for the Basic Converters 143
4.4.3 Origin and Consequences of Mode Limit in DCM 144
4.5 Dynamic Review 146
4.5.1 Buck Converter 147
4.5.1.1 Control-to-Output Transfer Function 148
4.5.1.2 Output Impedance 151
4.5.1.3 Input-to-Output Transfer Function 152
4.5.1.4 Input Admittance 153
4.5.1.5 Ideal Input Admittance 155
4.5.1.6 Short-Circuit Input Admittance 155
4.5.2 Boost Converter 157
4.5.2.1 Control-to-Output Transfer Function 159
4.5.2.2 Output Impedance 161
4.5.2.3 Input-to-Output Transfer Function 163
4.5.2.4 Input Admittance 164
4.5.2.5 Ideal Input Admittance 165
4.5.2.6 Short-Circuit Input Admittance 166
7 Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Current-Output
Converters 211
7.1 Introduction 211
7.2 Dynamic Models for Current-Output Converter 212
7.2.1 Modified-State-Space-Averaging Technique 213
7.2.2 General Dynamic Models 215
7.3 Load and Supply Interactions 216
7.4 Cascaded Voltage-Current Loops 218
7.5 Dynamic Review 219
8 Interconnected Systems 225
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 Theoretical Interaction Formulation 226
8.2.1 Load and Supply Interactions 227
Contents IX
8.2.2 Internal and Input–Output Stabilities 230
8.2.3 Output Voltage Remote Sensing 234
8.2.4 Input EMI Filter 236
8.3 Review of Methods to Reduce the Interactions 238
8.3.1 Input-Voltage Feedforward 238
8.3.2 Output-Current Feedforward 240
8.4 Experimental Dynamic Review 241
8.4.1 Load and Supply Interactions 243
8.4.2 Remote Sensing 251
8.4.3 System Stability 255
9 Control Design Issues 261
9.1 Introduction 261
9.2 Feedback-Loop-Design Constraints 265
9.2.1 Phase and Gain Margins 266
9.2.2 RHP Zeros and Poles 268
9.2.3 Minimum and Maximum Loop Crossover Frequencies 268
9.2.4 Internal Gain of an Operational Amplifier 270
9.3 Controller Implementations 271
9.4 Optocoupler Isolation 272
9.5 Shunt-Regulator-Based Control Systems 274
9.5.1 Dynamic Model 274
9.5.2 Two-Loop Control System 281
9.6 Simple Control-Design Method 284
9.6.1 Control Design Example: VMC Buck Converter 285
9.6.2 Control Design Example: PCMC Buck Converter 290
9.6.3 Control Design Example: VMC Boost Converter 295
9.6.4 Control Design Example: PCMC Boost Converter 298
9.7 Conclusions 302
